Sewage treatment



8i, E9 3& A. .11. FESCHER 2,1 MJZE saw@ TREATMENT Filed July e, lgs@ 2 sheets-snee@ 1 HWENTOR. Amman? d. Hsu-5m EIT-1 8, E938, A 1 HSCHER lllml SEMGE TREATMENT Fin-ed my es, ma@ 2; sheetssneet 2 Patented Mar. 8, 1938 ement' Vet-Tricia SEWAGE TREATMENT Anthony J. Fischer, Jackson Heights, N. Y., as signor to The Don' Company, Inc., New York, `N. Y., a corporation of Delaware Application :my c, 193s, swarm. 89,001,

` 1 cnam (ci. zio-2i This invention relatesfto the clarification oi sewage, trade wastes and other polluted waters for the removal therefrom of solids therein, by virtue of which there are obtained twol products, namely, a relatively clear inoffensive eluent and a sludge of solids derived from the impure liquid being treated, which sludge is in a form capable of being digested as a result of bacteriological activity, o'r readily dewatered and disposed of in other preferred manner.

Sewage and analogous `liquids normally contain solids of four types or phases; the first type comprising solids in suspension of suficient size that they will settle out of the sewage by'the action of gravity; the second type comprising solids in suspension, but whichare non-settleable although they may. be removed lby illtration; the third type comprising solids that are colloidahin size or otherwise so small that they are non-settleable and non-iilterable; and the fourth class comprising s'plidsin solution in the liquid or `solids which are in liquid phase.

One current manner of clarifying sewage is to run the sewage into and through a primary settler or clarifier, wherein the settleable suspended solids are acted upon by gravity and deposited in the ferm of sediment upon the floor of the settler, from which they are removed inthe form of sludge ready for'.further disposal, such as by digestion. Eiiluent from the primary settler has therein solids which are normally non-settleable, colloidal solids, and solidsin liquid phase. In order to make two types of these solids settleable, namely, the non-settleable suspended and the colloidal solids, the eflluent from the` primary settler is given one or the other of two general classes of, treatment. One' classis called the activated sludge process, and comprises passing the eiliuent through aeration tanks where, by the addition of air, there is stimulated aerobic bacterial activity, the. result of which is to coagulate, solidify and render settleable two type of the solids in the settler eiiiuent being thus treated. The activated liquid is passed from the aeration tanks toa second or secondary settler or clarifier, Where the solids, rendered settleable by the aeration or activation step. are acted upon by gravity to deposit on the floor of the secondary settler in the form of activated sludge, which is suitable for further disposal, such as by means of digestion. The second'general class of treatment is to substitutel for the activated sludge process with its aeration tanks, a chemical-treatment step of adding to the eilluent fromv the primary settler, chemical coagulants for initiating chemically the precipitating of the solids in the settler efuent into a form thereof capable of being settled in the secondary settler by gravity, into the form of sludge. Thus, in this process,l chemical coagulation or chemical precipitation is substituted.' for the bacteriologlcal coagulation of the activated sludge process.

The chemical treatment of sewage and other waste waters to precipitate non-settleable solids therein has been beset with many dimculties. It has long been known that a widev variety of chemical reagents, when introduced into a body of sewage, will produce or inducea precipitation and coagulation into the formI of sludge of a large proportion of the solid matter contained in such liquids, which settles very rapidly and easily, so as to produce a. relatively clear and innocuous supernatant. Since the first attempts at chemical precipitation and coagulation, however, the problem of disposal of the chemicallyproduced or -induced sludge has been one of considerable concern. Due to the inherent sticky and slimy nature of this chemically-produced sludge, the same is very diflicult to dewater by any known means and consequently its disposal on filtering and drying beds is, at best, not

highly satisfactory.

With growing popularity of methods of rendering sewage sludge relatively inert and inocuous by bacteriological digestion, attempts have been made touhandle, by known digestion practices, chemically-produced sludge or sludge from polluted waters inherently or naturally containing some chemical `matter which operates as an electrolyte'i( The difficulty was then encountered that chemical sludge or sludge settled out of sewage .whichhad contained a chemical that acted as a precipitating reagent, will not digest or, at best, will digest only slowly and to a limited extent.

that according to the older methods, a full utilization of the chemical agents was not had, and consequently it was not possible to obtain a sludge which did not have 'present an excess of unreacted chemical or-reagent. 'Ihe presence of such an unreacted chemical material hinders bacteriological -activity and renders the sludge treatment, the chemical reagents were mixed with the raw sewage in order to produce a chemically-precipitated sludge. In the average raw sewage, using ferric chloride as a speciflc illustration, approximately 300 pounds of this reagent were required per million gallons of sewage in order to produce a sufilcientlyfclariiled liquid. It is believed that approximately pounds of the chemical are absorbed by the settleable solids and the remaining 200 pounds are required to effect precipitation and coagulation of the colloids and other non-settleable material. According to this practice it is therefore practicallyi impossible to obtain a sludge which does not contain a considerable quantity of unreacted chemical, and this hinders or is inimical to digestion.

Considerable experimentation and investigation has been made in the iield presented by this problem, resulting in various methods for its solution. One of the most'successful of these is that wherein the raw sewage is ilrst subjected to a primary sedimentation operation to obtain a. sludge containing practically all of the settleable raw solids, which sludge, as pointed out above, is very easy to`digest. The supernatant or sewage liquid from which raw solids have been settled, resulting from this preliminary treatment is then subjected to the action of chemical pre- .cipitating and coagulating agents, and thereafter subjected to a second sedimentation or clarification treatment from which a sludge is obtained containing the chemically-produced and coagulated solids.` In comparison with earlier methods, this procedure requires approximately 200 pounds of ferrie chloride to effect a suitable clariilcation. The raw sludge and the chemicallyobtained sludge are then subjected to bacteriological digestion together in admixture, and it is found that such digestion will proceed readily and satisfactorily, any substantial excess of unreacted chemical ,being counteracted or neutralized by the raw sludge produced in the first sedimentation operation which has no absorbed chemicals.

The above and other methods of obtaining a digestible or otherwise readily disposable sludge have proven themselves satisfactory -in many instances, and it is one object of the present invention to simplify these procedures and produce a sludge which may be digested according to known bacteriological methods, or otherwise readily disposed of, and to eliminate, in many instances, the necessity for the use of chemical reagents or activation by means of air.

As a result of considerable recent research, it has -been discovered, as a part of the present invention, that the hereinafter described mechanical flocculation will increase clarification of the sewage to a marked degree. Therefore, one of the features of prime importance herein is to subject sewage, either raw or which has been effected a sedimentation operation to remove normally settleable solids, to the mechanical ilocculation treatment afforded by the steady gentle agitative influences hereinafter described. In this embodiment of the invention the sewage of either type, is allowed to ilow relatively slowly through a flocculation chamber and therein subjected to the gentle agitative effects of travelling paddles or other suitable agitative means. The flow is then conducted to a settling apparatus wherein, after a suitable period of detention, a consider- According to the earlier practices in chemical Y able quantity of sludge is found to have settled yout of the liquid. If raw sewage were being treated this quantity is found to be considerably larger than it would be if the mechanical oc conditioning were omitted. It is thus indicated thatl iloc conditioning, as practiced in this invention, exhibits marked benefits infimproving the clarification of polluted liquids by rendering settleable, solids which are not normally settleable and which have heretofore required the presence of added chemical reagents or activation to render them so. It is understood that the sludge derived from the mechanically flocculated sewage may betreated rdisposed of in any desired manner, since this'form of the invention contemplates only the improved clarification of polluted liquids by enabling the removal therefromI oi' a larger amount of solid matter as a result of the fico-conditioning treatment.

One possible explanation of the reasons for the improved results and efficiency of clariicat-ion ailorded by mechanical ilocculation, is that most sewage liquids and other waste waters are believed to contain, inherently and. naturally, matter in the form of soluble salts and proteins or albuminous matter, which, in conjunction with gentle agitation, will materially assist in the efiicient clarification of the liquid.

It is therefore an object of this invention to devise a method and a system of apparatus and treatment, whereby there may be produced fromsewage or other polluted waters, a sludge which is readily and satisfactorily digestible orotherwise easily disposable. I

Another object is to render settleable, by mechanical iiocculating means, colloidal solids and normally non-settleable solids of the sewage, whereby the necessity of adding chemicals is eliminated, with the dual view of eliminating the cost of chemicals used and of increasing the clariiication of sewage and analogous liquids.

Another object is to devise an apparatus for carrying out the practice of this invention on a flowing stream of liquid to be treated in a manner whereby the liquid flows in a straight line and directly from one to the other of. the treating stages under conditions that the stages can be located closely succeeding one another, preferably in the same general tank or basin.

With these andother objects in view, one embodiment of the invention revolves about a sequence of functions and an assembly of apparatus for treating a flowing stream of liquid including as a feature of prime importance, a zone of slow and gentle agitative motion or flocculation.

In this flocculation zone by slow gentle motion, the colloidal solids and other solids in suspension, however small they may be, are brought together by mild forms of collision, whereupon, when they collide, they coalesce or colonize or amass into groups of particles of. larger and settleable size.

' From the sewer main or other source, the liquid 2,110,721 e is heldin quiescence by virtue of which the settleable ocs and other matter in suspension in the liquid settle to, or deposit upon, the door of the sedimentation apparatus as sediment, from vwhich it is impelled to discharge by travelling rakes, which sweep over the iloor of the sedimentation zone or settler, plowing-the sediment slowly to discharge. From this settler the.. sediment or sludge is conducted to a digester for biologically treating the sludge and rendering it inert.

In the event that this invention is to be put into practice in a -small sewage plant, it is not essential to use the primary settler for preliminarily removing from thel sewage settleable solids i normally therein, because the ilocculation and nal sedimentation steps of this invention can be carried out either in the presence of or in the absence of settleable solids normally .in raw sewage. If anything, their presence helps, but

Y in larger plants there is such a. volume thereof that it would require the occulation and sedimentation stages of this invention to be built to a size otherwise unnecessary.

With the aboveand other objects in view, the invention, its application and mode oi' use, may

be readily understood from the following description of specic applications with reference tothe accompanying drawings, which illustrate .systems of apparatus and flow sheets for practicing the invention vaccording to some of its preferred forms.

In the drawings,

Figure l is a vertical section of an assembly of apparatus which may be used as a. complete treatment plant in carrying out the invention according to one of its 'forms Fig. 2 is a vertical section, on a smaller scale Athan Fig. 1, showing a modied form of apparatus for.A accomplishing the locculation 'and sedimentation operations of the present invention.

Fig. 3 is a flow sheet diagrammatically illustrating a general lay-out of apparatus for carrying out features of the invention.

Fig. 4 is a flow sheet showing ways of carrying out other forms of the invention, with particular. l reference to its use in an activated sludge plant.

. Referring in detail to Fig. 1 of the drawings, sewage or other polluted water to be treated is .introduced throughthe sewer main 5 or other appropriate source into a feed launder or trough 6 which extends substantially across the end of a baiiled tank or chamber 1. The launder V6 is in communication with the chamber 1 through 5 ports or openings .8 through which the sewage passes from the launder into the chamber 1, there being` provided adjustable gates v9 lior controlling the iiow therethrough. Rotatably mounted within the chamber 1 and driven from a 60 suitable source of power are the paddles'or bladed s'tirrers III, which, when in operation are caused to rotate relatively slowly, preferably in a direction indicated by the arrows. exerted upon the liquid, and containedsolids, a

65 gentle agitative influence as the material traverses the, chamber 1 from one-end to the other thereof. The action of this slow, gentle agitative force is to gently bring the solid nuclei, colloidal solids and other solids together, causing them 70`to impl-nge upon or` collide 'with one another and to build up and grow-into relatively large flocs having suflicient size and weight to settle. out of the liquid in a subsequent sedimentationl treatment. The normally non-settleable floc nuclei will build up not only upon themselves'to form 'I'here is thus unitary setueame noos, but wm also'bund up upon the settleable solids which are present in present to assist in this action as will be hereinafter described. It will thus be seen that the largest possible amount of solid material will be agglomerated so that the wholel can be satisfactorily separated from the liquid .portion in a subsequent operation. The chamber or unit 1, therefore, may be referredto or described as a loc growing or conditioning unit or zone, wherein coagmentation oi lnormally non-settleable solids takes place.

f The chamber 1 ispreferably provided with baffles II and `I2 adjacent the inlet and outlet ends respectively and with the intermediate bafiies I3 between adjacent paddles o r strrers I0. Thesebaies extend above the maximum liquid level ofthe chamber 1 and terminate short of the bottom thereof and prevent-short-eircuiting of the liquid when entering and leaving the chamber, and also in the zones operated upon by the paddles.

The liquid containing most of its original solids of all types in highly agglomerated and easily `r,settleable form is now allowed to pass out of or drift from the noo-conditioning zone 1, over or past the submerged baille I 4 and into a sedimentation unit I5 such as is aiorded by a Dorr clarier or other settler, provided with the sludgeraking mechanism I6, overilow launder I1 and sludge sump I8. In the clarifier I5 the agglomerated solids will settle by the action of gravity and deposit'upon the settler oor leaving the relatively clear and innocuous supernatant liquid to pass a. supply of formed ilocs upon which non-settle- .able solids may deposit and build up. An adjustable gate 2l is provided for varying the size of the opening 20 or for closing the same entirely should such practice be desired.

'I'he clarier I5 may be provided with a baule 22 adjacent -the place of admission ofthe ilocculated liquid vfrom chamber 1 for the purpose of deflecting this liquid downward, enhancing sedimentation and assisting the return of iiocsl through the passageway 2li. The Asludge which settles or deposits in the clarier I5 is continually or intermittently withdrawn from the sump I8 and conducted via the path 23 and valves 24 and 25 to asludge digester 26 provided with the sludge-'raking mechanism 21, supernatant overflow-28, gas vent 29 and digested-sludge outlet 30. -An alternate flow path 3| and valve 32 are shown, whereby, if desired, a quantity ofthe sludge from the sedimentation zone I5 may be recirculatedand returned to the sewage entering the system for providing additional seeding vnuclei as Ithe foundation on whichto build up ocs.

. Fig. 2 shows a modiiied form of apparatus for v the liquid.- Returned sedimented sludge may be practicing the` iiocculation and sedimentation i operations of the present invention in a manner substantially the same as that described in conprovided a pipe 33 by which sewage orv other polluted liquid is delivered to the feed launder or.

trough 3-1 extending substantially across the end l nection withFig. 1. In this modication there is j oi .chamber or tank 35 and in communication 75 therewith through the opening or openings 38, the size of which is variable by manipulation of the adjustable gate 81. This chamber 35 is provided with the revoluble paddles or stirrers 38 and forms the occulation unit or zone of the present modification. p Liquid owing through the chamber 35 is acted upon by the paddles 38 in a manner substantially the same as in the apparatus of Fig. 1. The outlet end of the chamber 35 is defined by a wall or partition 4| which extends above the maximum liquid level of the chamber. The wall 4I is provided preferably at a lower poi'- tion thereof with a plurality of ports or'openings l 42 through which the-liquid, after having been acted upon by the paddles 38, passes into a sedimentation zone, unit or tank 43 shown in the present modication to be substantially rectangular in shape and provided with the supernatant overiiowlaunder 44 and eilluent outlet pipe 4B. Mounted within the tank 43 are the sprockets 46 which carry the endless chain 41, the chain being provided with a plurality of blades or scraping elements 48. .The sprockets 46 are caused to rotate by the application of suitable powerY and thus cause the chain 41 and attached Scrapers 48 to travel along a path and in the direction indicated by the arrows. Flocculated liquid ilowing into the tank 43 through the openings 42 will be held in a relatively quiescent condition within the tank and the flocculated solid matter will settle to the bottom or floor of the tank 43 and deposit thereon in the form of sludge which sludge is substantially continuouslyi raked or scraped by the blades 48 into the sludge sump 49 from whence it may be continually or intermit- V. tently discharged through the outlet 50 and conducted via the path 5I, valves 52 and 53 and path 54@ to a digester, filter or other suitable polht of disposal. As described in connection with Fig. 1 there is also provided a valve 55 and path 56 for returning a quantity of the sedimented sludgeto the incoming sewage to be treated. 'I'he wall or .partition 4I preferably is offset somewhat from the end of the substantially horizontal bottom of the chamber A35 and spaced therefrom as indicated at 42a to provide a passageway through which flocculated material or settled sludge may drift or be sucked back into the chamber 35 to assist in maintaining a supply of s eed or iioc nuclei in the occulation zone.

The flow sheet of Fig. 3 shows clearly a method of practicing features of the present invention in which may be used the apparatus shown in Fig. l or 2, or any other suitable apparatus that is effective in operating the necessary steps.

In practicing the treatment method outlined in Fig. 3, sewage, either`raw or preclariied, flowing on the path 5l, enters the tank or chamber 58 provided with the paddles orv other suitable agitative means 59. The paddles 59 are caused to rotate in suitable manner and exert upon the sewage flowing slowly through the chamber 58 the gentle agitation described above. As a result thereof, it is found that growth of settleable flocs is materially promoted and that large quantitiesof the colloidal constituents of the sewage .are brought into intimate contact one with the other and with settleable solids or already formed ocs, thus eiecting the formation of a settleablek iiocculated material which, while somewhat more delicate than chemical-conditioned flocs, is quite stable if handled properly and readily settles in .the subsequent sedimentation operation.

cally ilocculated sewage passes along the path 60' and into the sedimentation zone or clarifier 6| in which a sedimentation orsettling operation is carried out,v the clariiied eilluent passing oft to suitable disposal via the path 62. settleable solid matter in the sewage, including the mechemically-conditioned ocs and other solids, deposits on the bottom of the clariiier and is removed through the sludge discharge outlet 63, waste4 sludge being conducted off along the path 64 to a digester, filter or other suitable means of disposal. v

The now-pathI 60 preferably should be of such construction as to effect as little as possible acceleration in the rate of flow of the occulated liquid and to allow a relatively' quiet and nonturbulent ow thereof so as to avoid or minimize the break-up or destruction of occulated material.

In practicing this .feature of the invention in the above described manner it is frequently desirable and eilicacious to introduce or return to the ilocculation zone a quantity of sludge from the clarier. Should such mode of operation be indicated sludge from the clarifier 6l may be conducted through the valve 65 and path 6B and returned to the chamber 58, preferably by being introduced to the sewage flowing to the chamber along the path 5l as shown in the drawings.

-The return of this sludge provides convenient centers or nuclei upon which colloids and other normallynon-settleable solids may impinge, deposit and adhere in the course of the gentle agitative treatment, thus materially adding to, iurthering and assisting the formation and growth of a maximum of iiocs. When sludge is returned to the chamber 58 as just described, it is generally advisable to take some precaution to prevent the sludge from becoming septic. This may be accomplished conveniently by injecting into the returned sludge, as via the path 81 and valve 68, chlorine or other antiseptic substance.

The invention is, of course, not necessarily limited tothe non-chemical flocculation of either raw or settled sewage but may be practiced effectively on either type. In large plants, particularly, where there generally are primary and have conclusively shown Athe invention to aiford advantages and savings over prior practices in sewage treatment not heretofore deemedV possible. The schedule set forth below is clearly indicative of the results obtainable. The operations were carried out for a, period of ten days in an actual sewage disposal plant. There were used two clariflers of identical size and construction and the inflow of raw sewage was split, part going directly to one clarifier and part going rst ythrough a iiocculation chamber similar to that described herein and thence to the other clarifier. The fiocculation-sedimentation treatment was effected in the manner hereinbefore described and there was no return of sludge.

The following results were obtained on a large plant scale where a flocculation-sedimentation combination was compared with a parallel ar rangement of sedimentation without flocculation:

washings or other source where the mineral content is high and the protein content low).

With ilocculation- Without iioeculation Raw Sewage sus- Eiliucnt Eflluent Days pended Flow Flcu' S91" sus- Flowl set' susi G. P. 1"5 mg PH pended o. i PH penned gen osd value Solids M oxeriod value solids ""S u P. P. M. 0m P. r.

o. 51 1. a7 1. o 121 91o 1. so 7. o 135 0. 51 l. 87 7. 0 111 910 1. 89 7. 0 13G 0. 51 1. 87 6. 9 108 910 1. 89 6. 9 140 0. 67 1. 87 9 110 910 1. 89 6. 9 144 0. 67 1. 87 6. 9 90 910 1. 89 6. 9 119 0. 67 1. 87 7. 0 89 910 1. 89 7. 0 116 0. 51 1. 42 7. 0 130 594 2. 90 7. 0 146 0. 51 1. 42 119 594 2. 90 136 0. 51 '1. 42 110 594 2. 90 129 0. 51 1. 42 123 594 2. 90 133 These results confirm earlier laboratory tests and show that even with twice the iow. going through the occulation-sedimentation units better results are obtained than where only sedimentation is employed. This shows that a saving in total tank capacity maybe made using ilocculation so that a net savings in 'plant cost will be effected. pH value tests show that there is no change in acidity or alkalinity of the sewage caused by occulation. The effect is, therefore, different than where such chemicals as lime, ferrie salts, etc. are used in ordinary chemical precipitation practice. Tests have also demonstrated that the ocs produced by this plain mechanical occulation are rather delicatemore so than chemically precipitated ilocs. This requires careful handling of the material so as to prevent floc break-up. It appears that a velocity of over 1.5 ft./sec. will cause some flocs to break with this type of treatment, as against 2.0 to 2.5 it./sec. for a true chemical floc such as produced by the addition of .ferric chloride.

A number of other tests show similar and, in

' some instances, even better results in the same type of treatment. In general, the most sa'tisfactory occulation period seems to be about twenty minutes, which, of course, will vary according to the character oi the `sewage. 'I'he sewages tested varied widely'in strength from 89 P. P. M. to 1670 P. P. M.' suspended solids. The extremely strong sewages were due to storm ows where street washings, etc. were carried down to the plant either because of combined sewer systems or becauseof iniiltration.

'I'he increase in removal of solids effected by,

occulation in storin -ow sewages was not as -great as that in sewage's-where there had been no storm flow. A reason for this is that it is believed that the beneficial effects' of mechanical floc conditioning are due, in partA at least, to

the presence in the sewage of soluble salts and the effect of these. salts, such as sodium chloride, ammonium salts, etc., in salting out protein const ituents of the 'sewage and in converting sol forms of colloids to the gel" form. Inthe storm flow sewageS, the protein content was relatively low,"hence the lesser/'effect of' ilo'ceulation. At

a plant near the ocean the effects of flocculation were observed to be greatest.. This is believed due to the fact that this sewage had a high sodium chloride content because of salt water infiltration. This high salt content seemed to favor flocculation. In general, it appears that theresults are better when the suspended solids inthe raw sewage increase, provided the solids are of domestic sewage origin `(i. e., not from street ment are not realized.

stances it may be desirable to add sea water, when available, to the sewage before the lloc-conditionjpasses via path 82.

ing treatment, or to incorporate into the sewage the desiredv quantity of soluble salt material in the form of sodium chloride, ammonium 4salts or the like.

The flowl sheet of Fig. 4 'shows a modication of the invention as applied to an activated sludge treatment plant. In this form sewage flows through the path or main 69 and enters the ilocculation chamber 10, which is provided with the agitative means 'Il as herenbefore described, wherein it is subjected to the previously described gentle agitative influence. A certain concentration of returned activated sludge is maintained in the sewage in' chamber 10 as will be hereinafter described.

The occulated sewage 'ows from the chamber along the path 12 in a relatively quiet manner, to the primary sedimentation zone or clarifier 13 wherein settleable4 solids deposit on the bottom 'of the clarifier and are removed through ,sludge discharge outlet 14 and conveyed via valve 15 and path 'I6 to a digester l1 or to other suitable means of disposal. The eiiluentv from clarifier 13 is conducted along the path 18 to an aeration tank 'I9 wherein it is subjected to the infusion of air according to common activated` sludge practice. The aerated sewage flows from tank 19 along path 80 to' the secondary sedimentation zone or clarifier 8| from which clarified eiliuent from clarifier 8| is recirculated from sludge discharge outlet 83 through valve 84 andl path 85 to the aeration tank 19, as is usual in activated sludge practice, in order to maintain the necessary concentration of activated sludge in the contents of the aeration tank. A

at is known in the art as waste activated sludge., or a. quantity thereof, is withdrawn from the discharge outlet 83 and recirculated via the valve 86 and path 81 to the flocculation chamber 10 as shown in the drawings. Thus there -is maintained inthe sewage undergoing treatment in chamber 10 a supplyjof activated sludge which exhibits marked benets Iin aiding and assisting oc formation and growth. Activated sludge is quite stable and of a fluiy and sticky nature. Its presence, therefor. aiords a highly receptive A certain amount of sludge lbase and non-settleable solid matter will deposit upon and readily adhere to the iioc nuclei provided thereby.

In any procedure under the present invention,

the preferred form of disposal of the sludge isl bacterial digestion. The invention is not to be understood, however, as being limitednecessarily to that aspect. Due to the production of a sludge having present therein a minimum of unreacted chemical, filtering or other disposal thereof is also an efiicient means of sludge disposition and methods other than digestionmay be used to advantage in certain instances. While herein the invention has been shown and described in its application to the treatment of sewage, it is to be understood that its use is not limited to that specific aspect, but is equally applicable in the treatment of analogousV liquids such as trade wastes, packing house wastes, creamery wastes and other polluted liquids. Whenever in the claim the word sewage is used, such term is intended to cover other analogous liquids including those enumerated above.

agulant' to the liquid there is also effected interaction between the protein substances and soluble salt of the liquid for yielding therefrom flocculatable suspended solids Without substantial change during the treatment period of the pH value of the liquid, drifting the flac-laden liquid to a sedimentation zone, and separately removing therefrom sediment and claried eiiluent.

ANTHONY J. FISCHER. 

